The following guide information for authors is from the website of www.springer.com/42154. All authors are kindly asked read it carefully before writing a manuscript. For the manuscript template， please download here.

I. General Requirements

1. The manuscript should be more than 7000 English words.
2. Keep lettering consistently sized throughout your figures, Times New Roman & size 8 are recommended.
3. Except for abstracts, introduction, conclusion, references, the title of the other sections should be more specific, for example, Vehicle Dynamic Simulation, Residual Exhaust Gas Rate Calculation Model.
4. No less than 15 citations. Citations of authoritative English journals in recent years should be over 80 percent.
5. Passive sentence is recommended, and do not use the second- or third-person pronoun. Present tense is recommended throughout the paper.

6. Please avoid using the words expressing degree and colloquialism such as “very, somewhat, and so on, etc.” in academic manuscript.
7. We recommend that you add your phone number in the Title Page in order to contact in convenient in the further process.

II. Manuscript Submission

Manuscript Submission

Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher and sponsor will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

Permissions

Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.

Online Submission

Website for submission: www.springer.com/42154  

Please ensure you provide all relevant editable source files.

Double-Blind Peer Review Guidelines

This journal uses double-blind review, which means authors need to ensure that their manuscripts are prepared in a way that does not give away their identity.  
To help with this, please submit the Title Page containing the Authors details and Blinded Manuscript with no author details as 2 separate files.

• Title Page: This should include the title, authors' names and affiliations, and a complete address for the corresponding author including telephone and e-mail address. Acknowledgement should be added here (funding information). Any recommended reviewers without conflict of interest could be listed here.
• Blinded Manuscript: Remove names and affiliations under the title within the manuscript.

III. Title Page

Title Page

The title page should include:

1. The name(s) of the author(s)
2. A concise and informative title
3. The affiliation(s) and address(es) of the author(s)
4. The e-mail address, and telephone number(s) of the corresponding author
5. If available, the 16-digit ORCID of the author(s)
6. Acknowledgment (funding information)
7. Recommended reviewers without conflict of interest (if any).

Abstract

Please provide an abstract of 150 to 250 words. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.

Keywords

Please provide 4 to 6 keywords which can be used for indexing purposes.

Article Highlights

Please provide three short bullet points (maximum of 120 characters each) summarizing the key findings and implications of the paper. These should be presented in non-technical language and not repeat verbatim text found in the abstract. They should be placed beneath the abstract under the heading of ‘Article Highlights’.

IV. Text Formatting

Text Formatting

The submission should include Word files and a PDF version of the compiled output.

Headings

Please use the decimal system of headings with no more than three levels.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.

Footnotes

Footnotes can be used to give additional information, which may include the citation of a reference included in the reference list. They should not consist solely of a reference citation, and they should never include the bibliographic details of a reference. They should also not contain any figures or tables.

Footnotes to the text are numbered consecutively; those to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data). Footnotes to the title or the authors of the article are not given reference symbols.

Always use footnotes instead of endnotes.

Acknowledgments

V. References

Citation

Reference citations in the text should be identified by numbers in square brackets. Some examples:

1. Negotiation research spans many disciplines [3].
2. This result was later contradicted by Becker and Seligman [5].
3. This effect has been widely studied [1-3, 7].

Reference list

The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications and unpublished works should only be mentioned in the text. Do not use footnotes or endnotes as a substitute for a reference list.

The entries in the list should be numbered consecutively.

Journal article

    1. Campbell, S.L., Gear, C.W.: The index of general nonlinear DAES. Numer. Math. 72(2), 173–196 (1995)

   Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted.

    2. Wu, Z., Zhao, W., Li, Z., et al.: A review of engine fuel injection studies using synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging. Automotive Innovation 2(2): 79-92 (2019)

Article by DOI

    3. Slifka, M.K., Whitton, J.L.: Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J. Mol. Med. (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086

Book

    4. Geddes, K.O., Czapor, S.R., Labahn, G.: Algorithms for Computer Algebra. Kluwer, Boston (1992) 

Conference

    5. Chung, S.-T., Morris, R.L.: Isolation and characterization of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid from Streptomyces fradiae. Paper presented at the 3rd international symposium on the genetics of industrial microorganisms, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 4–9 June 1978

Patent

    6. Norman, L.O.: Lightning rods. US Patent 4,379,752, 9 Sept 1998

Dissertation

    7. Trent, J.W.: Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California (1975)

Website

VI. Tables

1. All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
2. Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
3. For each table, please supply a table caption (title) explaining the components of the table.
4. Identify any previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference at the end of the table caption.
5. Footnotes to tables should be indicated by superscript lower-case letters (or asterisks for significance values and other statistical data) and included beneath the table body.

VII. Artwork

For the best quality final product, it is highly recommended that you submit all of your artwork – photographs, line drawings, etc. – in an electronic format. Your art will then be produced to the highest standards with the greatest accuracy to detail. The published work will directly reflect the quality of the artwork provided.

Electronic Figure Submission

1. Supply all figures electronically.
2. Indicate what graphics program was used to create the artwork.
3. For vector graphics, the preferred format is EPS; for halftones, please use TIFF format. MS Office files are also acceptable.
4. Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.
5. Name your figure files with "Fig" and the figure number, e.g., Fig1.eps.

Line Art

1. Definition: Black and white graphic with no shading.
2. Do not use faint lines and/or lettering and check that all lines and lettering within the figures are legible at final size.
3. All lines should be at least 0.1 mm (0.3 pt) wide.
4. Scanned line drawings and line drawings in bitmap format should have a minimum resolution of 1200 dpi.
5. Vector graphics containing fonts must have the fonts embedded in the files.

Halftone Art

1. Definition: Photographs, drawings, or paintings with fine shading, etc.
2. If any magnification is used in the photographs, indicate this by using scale bars within the figures themselves.
3. Halftones should have a minimum resolution of 300 dpi.

Combination Art

1. Definition: a combination of halftone and line art, e.g., halftones containing line drawing, extensive lettering, color diagrams, etc.
2. Combination artwork should have a minimum resolution of 600 dpi.    

Color Art

1. Color art is free of charge for print and online publication.
2. Color illustrations should be submitted as RGB.

 Figure Lettering

1. To add lettering, it is best to use Helvetica or Arial (sans serif fonts).
2. Keep lettering consistently sized throughout your final-sized artwork, usually about 2–3 mm (8–12 pt).
3. Variance of type size within an illustration should be minimal, e.g., do not use 8-pt type on an axis and 20-pt type for the axis label.
4. Avoid effects such as shading, outline letters, etc.
5. Do not include titles or captions within your illustrations.

Figure Numbering

1. All figures are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
2. Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
3. Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).
4. If an appendix appears in your article and it contains one or more figures, continue the consecutive numbering of the main text. Do not number the appendix figures, "A1, A2, A3, etc." Figures in online appendices (Electronic Supplementary Material) should, however, be numbered separately.

Figure Captions

1. Each figure should have a concise caption describing accurately what the figure depicts. Include the captions in the text file of the manuscript, not in the figure file.
2. Figure captions begin with the term Fig. in bold type, followed by the figure number, also in bold type.
3. No punctuation is to be included after the number, nor is any punctuation to be placed at the end of the caption.
4. Identify all elements found in the figure in the figure caption; and use boxes, circles, etc., as coordinate points in graphs.
5. Identify previously published material by giving the original source in the form of a reference citation at the end of the figure caption.

Figure Placement and Size

1. When preparing your figures, size figures to fit in the column width.
2. The figures should be 84 mm (for double-column text areas), or 174 mm (for single-column text areas) wide and not higher than 234 mm.

Permissions

If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. Please be aware that some publishers do not grant electronic rights for free and that Springer will not be able to refund any costs that may have occurred to receive these permissions. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.

Accessibility

In order to give people of all abilities and disabilities access to the content of your figures, please make sure that

1. All figures have descriptive captions (blind users could then use a text-to-speech software or a text-to-Braille hardware)
2. Patterns are used instead of or in addition to colors for conveying information (color-blind users would then be able to distinguish the visual elements)
3. Any figure lettering has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1

VIII. After Acceptance

Upon acceptance of your article you will receive a link to the special Author Query Application at Springer’s web page where you can sign the Copyright Transfer Statement online and indicate whether you wish to order OpenChoice and offprints.

Once the Author Query Application has been completed, your article will be processed and you will receive the proofs.

Copyright transfer

Authors will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher (or grant the Publisher exclusive publication and dissemination rights). This will ensure the widest possible protection and dissemination of information under copyright laws.

Offprints

Offprints can be ordered by the corresponding author.

Color illustrations

Publication of color illustrations is free of charge.

Proof reading

The purpose of the proof is to check for typesetting or conversion errors and the completeness and accuracy of the text, tables and figures. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship, are not allowed without the approval of the Editor.

After online publication, further changes can only be made in the form of an Erratum, which will be hyperlinked to the article.

Online First

The article will be published online after receipt of the corrected proofs. This is the official first publication citable with the DOI. After release of the printed version, the paper can also be cited by issue and page numbers.

IX. Scientific style

Please always use internationally accepted signs and symbols for units (SI units).

Nomenclature: Insofar as possible, authors should use systematic names similar to those used by Chemical Abstract Service or IUPAC.

Please use the standard mathematical notation for formulae, symbols etc.:

1. Italic for single letters that denote mathematical constants, variables, and unknown quantities
2. Roman/upright for numerals, operators, and punctuation, and commonly defined functions or abbreviations, e.g., cos, det, e or exp, lim, log, max, min, sin, tan, d (for derivative)
3. Bold for vectors, tensors, and matrices.

X. Ethical Responsibilities of Authors

This journal is committed to upholding the integrity of the scientific record. As a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) the journal will follow the COPE guidelines on how to deal with potential acts of misconduct.

Authors should refrain from misrepresenting research results which could damage the trust in the journal, the professionalism of scientific authorship, and ultimately the entire scientific endeavour. Maintaining integrity of the research and its presentation is helped by following the rules of good scientific practice, which include:

1. The manuscript should not be submitted to more than one journal for simultaneous consideration.
2. The submitted work should be original and should not have been published elsewhere in any form or language (partially or in full), unless the new work concerns an expansion of previous work. (Please provide transparency on the re-use of material to avoid the concerns about text-recycling (‘self-plagiarism’).
3. A single study should not be split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time (i.e. ‘salami-slicing/publishing’).
4. Concurrent or secondary publication is sometimes justifiable, provided certain conditions are met. Examples include: translations or a manuscript that is intended for a different group of readers.
5. Results should be presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification or inappropriate data manipulation (including image based manipulation). Authors should adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting and processing data.
6. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were the author’s own (‘plagiarism’). Proper acknowledgements to other works must be given (this includes material that is closely copied (near verbatim), summarized and/or paraphrased), quotation marks (to indicate words taken from another source) are used for verbatim copying of material, and permissions secured for material that is copyrighted.

Important note: the journal may use software to screen for plagiarism.

1. Authors should make sure they have permissions for the use of software, questionnaires/(web) surveys and scales in their studies (if appropriate).
2. Authors should avoid untrue statements about an entity (who can be an individual person or a company) or descriptions of their behavior or actions that could potentially be seen as personal attacks or allegations about that person.
3. Research that may be misapplied to pose a threat to public health or national security should be clearly identified in the manuscript (e.g. dual use of research). Examples include creation of harmful consequences of biological agents or toxins, disruption of immunity of vaccines, unusual hazards in the use of chemicals, weaponization of research/technology (amongst others).
4. Authors are strongly advised to ensure the author group, the Corresponding Author, and the order of authors are all correct at submission. Adding and/or deleting authors during the revision stages is generally not permitted, but in some cases may be warranted. Reasons for changes in authorship should be explained in detail. Please note that changes to authorship cannot be made after acceptance of a manuscript.

*All of the above are guidelines and authors need to make sure to respect third parties rights such as copyright and/or moral rights.

Upon request authors should be prepared to send relevant documentation or data in order to verify the validity of the results presented. This could be in the form of raw data, samples, records, etc. Sensitive information in the form of confidential or proprietary data is excluded.

If there is suspicion of misbehavior or alleged fraud the Journal and/or Publisher will carry out an investigation following COPE guidelines. If, after investigation, there are valid concerns, the author(s) concerned will be contacted under their given e-mail address and given an opportunity to address the issue. Depending on the situation, this may result in the Journal’s and/or Publisher’s implementation of the following measures, including, but not limited to:

      1. If the manuscript is still under consideration, it may be rejected and returned to the author. 

      2. If the article has already been published online, depending on the nature and severity of the infraction:

- an erratum/correction may be placed with the article
- an expression of concern may be placed with the article
- or in severe cases retraction of the article may occur.

The reason will be given in the published erratum/correction, expression of concern or retraction note. Please note that retraction means that the article is maintained on the platform, watermarked “retracted” and the explanation for the retraction is provided in a note linked to the watermarked article.

     3. The author’s institution may be informed

     4. A notice of suspected transgression of ethical standards in the peer review system may be included as part of the author’s and article’s bibliographic record.

Fundamental errors

Authors have an obligation to correct mistakes once they discover a significant error or inaccuracy in their published article. The author(s) is/are requested to contact the journal and explain in what sense the error is impacting the article. A decision on how to correct the literature will depend on the nature of the error. This may be a correction or retraction. The retraction note should provide transparency which parts of the article are impacted by the error.

Suggesting / excluding reviewers

Authors are welcome to suggest suitable reviewers and/or request the exclusion of certain individuals when they submit their manuscripts. When suggesting reviewers, authors should make sure they are totally independent and not connected to the work in any way. It is strongly recommended to suggest a mix of reviewers from different countries and different institutions. When suggesting reviewers, the Corresponding Author must provide an institutional email address for each suggested reviewer, or, if this is not possible to include other means of verifying the identity such as a link to a personal homepage, a link to the publication record or a researcher or author ID in the submission letter. Please note that the Journal may not use the suggestions, but suggestions are appreciated and may help facilitate the peer review process.

XI. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

Authors must disclose all relationships or interests that could influence or bias the work. Although an author may not feel there are conflicts, disclosure of relationships and interests affords a more transparent process, leading to an accurate and objective assessment of the work. Awareness of real or perceived conflicts of interests is a perspective to which the readers are entitled and is not meant to imply that a financial relationship with an organization that sponsored the research or compensation for consultancy work is inappropriate. Examples of potential conflicts of interests that are directly or indirectly related to the research may include but are not limited to the following:

1. Research grants from funding agencies (please give the research funder and the grant number)
2. Honoraria for speaking at symposia
3. Financial support for attending symposia
4. Financial support for educational programs
5. Employment or consultation
6. Support from a project sponsor
7. Position on advisory board or board of directors or other type of management relationships
8. Multiple affiliations
9. Financial relationships, for example equity ownership or investment interest
10. Intellectual property rights (e.g. patents, copyrights and royalties from such rights)
11. Holdings of spouse and/or children that may have financial interest in the work

In addition, interests that go beyond financial interests and compensation (non-financial interests) that may be important to readers should be disclosed. These may include but are not limited to personal relationships or competing interests directly or indirectly tied to this research, or professional interests or personal beliefs that may influence your research.

The corresponding author collects the conflict of interest disclosure forms from all authors. (Please note that each author should complete a disclosure form.) Examples of forms can be found here.

The corresponding author will include a summary statement on the title page that is separate from their manuscript, that reflects what is recorded in the potential conflict of interest disclosure form(s).

See below examples of disclosures:

1. Funding: This study was funded by X (grant number X).
2. Conflict of Interest: Author A has received research grants from Company A. Author B has received a speaker honorarium from Company X and owns stock in Company Y. Author C is a member of committee Z.
3. If no conflict exists, the authors should state: Conflict of Interest: Author A, Author B, and Author C declare that they have no conflict of interest.

XII. Research Data Policy